The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of auditory contextual interference on timing and stability in a golf swing. Participants were 12 college students, which were divided 4 groups which consisted of 3 subjects, which were blocked practice group, random practice group, constant practice group, and control group. At the learning phase, 1 block consisted of 24 swings, participants performed total of 144 swings, and after approximately 24 hours they went through retention test and transfer test. The participants were instructed to perform back swing start-back swing finish (forward swing start)-impact-follow throw by auditory information. Experimenter gave 4 beeps auditory information to 3 groups which were blocked practice group, random practice group, and constant practice group. The results were as follows; First, at the aquisition phase the blocked practice effectively improved relative timing, and stability compared to the other three groups. Second, at the retention and the transfer phase it was found that the random practice in high contextual interference effect had a good effect on relative timing and motion stability learning. The present result indicated that as contextual interference was higher, the effect of motor learning was positive. Third, the control group which was given no auditory information represented the lowest improvements in relative timing, and motion stability learning compared to the other three groups. In conclusion.. even though the short period of practice time, the present results show various motor learning characteristics when the college students with golf swing experience of novice are given different auditory information based on contextual interference effect.

This study investigated human information processing by measuring P300 responses evoked by auditory stimuli of various difficulties. P300 data were obtained from areas P3, F4, Fz, Cz, Pz, T3, and T4. The task required subjects to indicate when the target stimulus was presented. The results of this study indicated that the accuracy of a complex task/target stimulus was significantly lower than that of other tasks, and the reaction time was also slower. The P300 evoked responses did not differ significantly with the difficulty of the task However, the amplitude of the target stimulus was significantly higher than the amplitude of the standard stimulus. These results indicate that the amplitude and latency of P300are related to the recognition and decision of auditory stimuli, and the information processing speed is directly affected as much as by the amount of information being processed and the degree of selective attention.

The purposes of this study were 1) to examine the emotions related to successful and unsuccessful performance by testing the in-out of the zone principle of the IZOF model and 2) to suggest the difference between in zone and out zone. The participants were consisted of 56 student athletes from college basketball teams. Their Individual Emotional Profile were investigated 3 times. The results are as follows. First, the in-out of the zone principle was supported in successful performance regarding the emotion patterns for the N+, P+N+, N-, N-F- emotions. Second, the in-out of the zone principle was supported in poor performance regarding the emotion patterns for the F-, N-, and F-N- emotions. Based on these results, this study showed that the performance is affected differently by emotion level(below/in/over zone) as well as the in-out of the zone principle.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Teaching Gaines for Understanding (TOFU) on tactical skills, problem-solving ability, interrelationship skill, and critical thinking disposition among middle school students. A total of 202 students were divided into two groups, experimental group for TOFU and control group for skill-based instruction, and participated in the experiment for twelve weeks. Statistical tools were exploratory factor analysis reliability test, independent t-test, two-way repeated MANOVA, and paired t-test. The results of the study were as follows; (1) Both experimental and control group showed that theft tactical skills were increased significantly. (2) Experimental group was increased in the level of self-competence for problem solving and personal control of problem solving abilities. (3) Experimental group were increased in satisfaction, communication, trust, open-mindness, and comprehension of interrelationship skills, whereas control group were increased just in satisfaction. (4) Experimental group was on the increase in self-confidence for critical thinking, inquisitiveness, and maturity. (5) In TOFU classes teacher experienced heavy burdens such as lack of time for class preparation, sexual differences, application of transformed games considering students`` level, interaction with students, and instruction by level. Students of the experimental group also perceived several problems like lack of understanding about transformed games, differences by skill level, tactical solutions through proper decision-making, conflicts with peers, and evaluation.

This research is to study the relation of achievement orientation and sport commitment in physical education in order to provide some basic references for the design of student-centered physical education classes and the plan of effective teaching strategies. The researcher took 338 student(middle schoofrl68, high school=170) and used LAI)PECQ test to measure achievement orientation and used 55CM test to measure sport commitment. The data analysis used a SF55 120 for windows statistical analysis two-way ANOVA, Pearson`s r and Multiful Regression Analysis. Through this method of study result are as follows. First, male and high school students has high achievement orientation resulted from the difference of general factor. Second, male and high school students has high sport commitment resulted from the difference of general factor. Third, teacher-initiated learning orientation, students learning orientation, students competitive orientation and the cognitive commitment, behavior commitment factor showed a positive correlation, On the other side outcome orientation without efforts, students worries about mistakes and the cognitive commitment factor showed a negative correlation. Fourth, as for the effects of achievement orientation on the Sport Commitment, cognitive commitment are influenced by students learning orientation, students competitive orientation and behavior commitment are influenced by students learning orientation, students competitive orientation, teacher initiated learning orientation.

The purpose of this study was to provide the fundamental data that can encourage elementary school students to engage in physical activities by identifying the influence of exercise participation frequency on the level of stress and coping behavior. Of 750 questionnaires responded by the sixth grade students residing in Kyung-Ki area, responses from 717 participants were used for further analyses using the one-way MANOVA method. The results showed that, first, variables such as home, friend, schoolwork, physique, and characteristics showed significant differences on the level of stress. However, there was no stress level related difference among teachers or institutions. The variables influencing the exercise participation were physique, characteristics, home, schoolwork, friend, in order. Secondly, while the problem focus and the supports-pursuit variables displayed significant differences on the coping behavior, the avoidance and the mood change variables did not. The variables influencing the exercise participation were mood change and avoidance, in order.

The purpose of this study was to investigate college students who major physical education, applying mental training to track and field classes and examine the change of students` promotive and interruptive source of enjoyment. In addition, it makes an analysis of intrinsic motivation of students and studies the change of the interest-enjoyment, perceived competence, and effort-importance before and after the classes. The analysis shows that track and field classes` promotive enjoyment was increased and interruptive enjoyment of the classes was decreased through mental training. In addition, the intrinsic motivation of students had been increased in the interest-enjoyment, perceived competence, and effort-importance before and after the classes, and as a result of a paired sample T-test, students make the biggest difference, the value of t was 6.64(p<.05)in the factor of perceived competence. The interest-enjoyment and effort-importance factor comes the value of t had been changed to 6.46, 5.37(p<.O5) after track and field classes. This result represents that mental training affects students`` enjoyment and intrinsic motivation. On the basis of this result, if we introduce mental training throughout physical education or apply this research to college classes, such as swimming and gymnastics, which fail to stimulate students even though the classes are needed to be developed, we may have a good effect like this study.

This study, based on hierarchial model of leisure constraints and trans-theoretical model(TTM), aimed to investigate the conceptual structure of exercise constraints in the aged and the difference according to the stages of change of exercise. The data were collected via a open-ended questionnaire(103 age of over 60) and self-administrated residents questionnaire survey(309 aged people) in incheon city in Korea. content analysis, descriptive and inferential analyses including factor analysis, three-way MANOVA through the stepdown F-test were used to analyze the data. The results of the study showed that the constraint dimension of exercise in the aged were 6 multi-dimensional factors, which were lack of knowledge and information to exercise, bed health and illness, motivation loss, lack of time and chance, low economic condition. Furthermore, as the results of analysis on the differences according to the stages of change of exercise, 6 constraints of exercise offered a significant contribution towards the prediction of the stages of change. The bed health and illness dimension was the best predictor for distinguishing among the stages of change considered the gender x age x stages of change effects. These results were discussed relate to cross validity of constraints and strategy of intervention for regular exercise participation.

The purpose of this study lies in identifying psychological inhibitors occurring before and during play in Korean female professional golfers, who are ranked within the top 10 in rewards in KLPGA tour and are performing overseas tour(LPGA, JLPGA) and have won in play, assessing these inhibitors through in-depth interviews, and defining strategies for overcoming subsequent problems. For collecting research data, after an in-depth interview, the study recorded and wrote important contents related to psychological inhibitors that respondents feel before or during play, the level of the impact of inhibitors to playing a faculty, strategies for coping with the inhibitors, and the level of the effect of the strategies. Then, the study replayed the recorded contents and prepared them as documents after converting them into letters. In order to enhance the reliability and validity of research results for the recorded and written contents, the study analyzed a triangulation procedure in which three sports psychology professionals read and listen to the tape several times, and obtained the following results. strategies for overcoming the inhibitors were found to include positive thinking, self-control, relaxation, professional advice, utmost effort, concentration, image training, conversion of mood, diet control, rest, alternative behavior, meditation, conversation with self, reliance on faith, active behavior, encouragement by others, help of a teacher, training, ignorance, full faithfulness to duty, and correction of a goal, advice of a caddie, strategy.

This study was conducted 1) to conceptualize a psychological fundamental of football leadership, 2) to gather the elements/factors of psychological fundamentals in football leadership by in-depth interviews with football specialists, and 3) to create the concept and elements of psychological fundamental in football Leadership. In-depth interviews were conducted to accomplish these purposes. Interview guideline was developed based on the previous researches. In addtion, content analysis, in-depth interviews, and specialists` meeting were conducted on football specialists. As the results, psychological fundamental in football leadership is defined as basic element concerned on coach`s leadership. Psychological fundamental in football leadership consists of social fundamental, personality fundamental, motivational fundamental, and cognitive fundamental. Social fundamental is an element influencing communication skills such as trust, sacrifice, and so forth. Personality fundamental is an element reflecting coaches` individual characteristics like consideration and belief. Motivational fundamental is an element related to reinforcing football players to do their best in competition. Cognitive fundamental is an element related to professional football knowledge. As exploring the psychological fundamental of football leadership, it is expected that psychological fundamental of leadership is related to psychological factors of football performance for the future research.

The current study examined whether athlete-coach behavior fit perceived by athletes can predict athletes` intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy in badminton. A panel of 10 badminton players and 10 coaches participated in the development of self-efficacy measure for badminton. A total of 213 players from high schools, colleges, and professional teams responded to the Athlete-coach behavior fit scale, Korean version of Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, and self-efficacy scale specifically designed for this study. Players perceived higher levels of behavior fit in all factors, excluding training style, reported greater levels of self-efficacy in badminton. Similarly, players who perceived higher levels of behavior fit in the areas of training style and competition management reported greater fun and enjoyment. In addition, for self-management and competition preparation factors, players in the high fit group reported greater fan and enjoyment and self-efficacy. Multiple regression analyses revealed that higher fit in self-management and competition management corresponded to greater self-efficacy, fun and enjoyment. Overall, this study demonstrated that athlete-coach behavior fit can play an important role in shaping athletes`` motivation and confidence.

This study was aimed to demonstrated the role of self-enhancement and the difference between open-attribution and close-attribution. 66 amateur soccer players classified as attribution group and self-enhancement level in order to considerate the self-serving bias and self-enhancement bias. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, two-way MANOVA. The Results are showed that humility bias appear through the open-attributon and self-serving bias appear through the close-attribution and finally the remarkable difference appeared through the role of self-enhancement. we discussed the situation of open-close attribution and individual trait of self-enhancement.

This study was performed by myself in order to verify the participation behavior model in sports of participants who are participating in leisure sport and exercises by applying Vallerand`s a hierarchical model of motivation (1997, 2001) in the basis of self-determination theory by Deci & Ryan(1985). According to the results of the research, it was true that the participating behavior modeling was suitable one. The factor of autonomy, competence, and relatedness belonging to basic psychological needs was β=.87, it is very high, and it is referred to the effectiveness influencing on participation motivation. When we make reference to the participation motivation, IM(stimulus seeking, skill learning) was the most important factor, but it was cleared that amotivation was inappropriate. In the effectiveness which basic psychological needs satisfaction can influence on one`s intention to continue in sport participation, the result was β=.84, very high, but modulus of affects β=.83, cognition involvement β=.61. In the part of motivation, the effectiveness of motivation influencing on IM was the most high. In the effectiveness which participation motivation can influence on one`s affects, the result was β=.35, moderate high, but modulus of cognition involvement β=29, and very low, intention to continue in participating.

This study, - so as to apprehend the effects of the participants in winter leisure sports` personal and background traits on the life satisfaction and identify the relative influence on the life satisfaction by the vaviables such as the motivation to participate in sports, the experience immersed in those, and the self-regulation-, had the object of 790 participants in winter leisure sports in the city of Seoul and Taejeon and the province of Kyung-gi, Kang-won and Chung-buk. The data as the effective sample collected by the questionnaire made use of the SF55 version 120 program, yielding the average and standard deviation of each factor, and carrying out the reliability and the factor analysis and the Amos version 4.0 program in order to inquire the cause and effect model compatibility of the factors that influence on the life satisfaction of the participants in winter leisure sports. First, as for the physical satisfaction, there was a meaningful differences in the status of the unmarried and the self-employed, and in the event of skate, not in the distinction of sex, in addition, 4 to 5 years` sports experience and over 7 times` sports frequency was the same. Second, the relaxative life satisfaction was in a high level in the female, the married and the professional as well as the age group of over 50. Third, the social activity satisfaction was in a higher level in the sexuality of male and the group of the colleague in the work place. Fourth, the experience immersed in winter leisure sports` participants and the factors of the self-regulation turned out to be an intermediate variable as the results of the direct effects that shows the improvement of the life satisfaction. and elimination of the inherent action management came to satisfy the valuation basis for the suitability in the study model.

The purpose of this study was to develop exercise coure1ing program for exercise adherence and to examine it`s effects through we-and post-test. The Subjects of this study were 29 participants of sport center in J. Univ. Two groups were treatment group (n15) and control group (rel4). The structural strategies of counseling program included individual data acquisition, analysis of exercise baffler factor, information of exercise effect, goal setting of exercise practice, and social support. The survey sheets were examined with the preliminary investigation on the content feasibility and applicability and then ensured with reliability and validity. The dependent variables of this study were exercise adherence (predisposing, enabling, reinforcing), exercise outcome expectation, exercise satisfaction, and exercise degree(frequence, duration, intensity). The data were analysed without the others which had poor qualities or were unreliable were excluded. The statistical methods for the data analysis in this study were ANCOVA, Wilcoxon test. The results of this study are as follows. That is, exercise adherence, excise outcome expectation exercise satisfaction and exercise degree in treatment group showed significant changes in statistically. In conclusion1 The exercise counseling program of this study affects exercise adherence.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dance sports programs on physical profile(weight, waist, body mass index: bmi, high blood pressure, low blood pressure), and self-concept(sports confidence, external feature, body fat, flexibility, muscular strength, stamina, self-esteem, health, physical activity) among obese middle aged women. Fifty two middle aged women were divided into two groups, the normal group(re26), and the obese group(n=26). The experimental procedure was composed of the pm-test, the experimental treatment of experiment, and the post-test with an inclusive dance sports program being implemented 3 days per weeks, for 12 weeks. Data were analyzed using the two-way mixed ANOVA. The 5% level of significant was used as the critical level. The analysis revealed following conclusions. First, after the inclusive dance sports program, there were significant main effects between groups and treatment in physical profile(weight, waist and BMI), However, there was no significant interaction. Secondly, after the inclusive dance sports program, the self concept(external feature, stamina, muscular strength, general physical factors) showed were significant interaction effect between groups and treatment. Body fat was significant main effect between normal group and obese group. Sports confidence, physical activity, and self-esteem were significant main effect between treatments. As a result, this study showed that 12 week inclusive dance sports program for the obese middle aged women increased the affirmative physical profile and the self-concept. So it could be considered as an effective way for the obesity treatment and increase the quality of life among obese middle aged women.